Haiguse määratlus
Asthma, also known as bronchial asthma, is a chronic airway disease characterized by chronic inflammation in the airways. The clinical manifestations are recurrent symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness or cough, which often occur or worsen at night and early morning, most patients can be relieved by themselves or relieved after treatment.
Epidemioloogia
The prevalence of asthma among adults in China is 1.24 percent . The disease tends to occur in people with a family history of asthma, complications (such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, eczema, respiratory diseases and gastroesophageal reflux disease), obesity, smoking and allergen exposure. Due to urbanization and the lifestyle changes, the prevalence of asthma is increasing year by year. According to an analysis of asthma deaths in the 5 to 34 age group, the global death rate from asthma dropped from 0.44 to 0.19 per 100,000 population between 1993 and 2006, but remained unchanged from 2006 to 2012, according to WHO's online death database.
Haiguse tüübid
I Treeningu{0}}indutseeritud astma
See on põhjustatud treeningust ja on otseselt seotud treeningu tüübi, kestuse, mahu ja intensiivsusega. Episoodid on ägedad, mööduvad ja enamasti lahenevad spontaanselt.
II Asthma Drugs
Põhjustatud teatud ravimite, nt aspiriini, beeta{0}}blokaatorite jms kasutamisest. |Astma tööalast
Selle põhjuseks on kutseastma-, mis põhjustavad aineid, nagu jäik polüuretaanvaht, sünteetilised kiud, liimid jne, ning sageli on selle põhjuseks õhupuudus, pigistustunne rinnus ja köha töö ajal või mitu tundi pärast seda, millega kaasneb riniit ja/või konjunktiiv Sümptomid taandusid pärast töökohalt lahkumist.
III Allergiline astma
Often caused by allergic substances acting on allergic constitution, and allergic diseases (such as allergic rhinitis, etc.) can occur, manifested as sneezing, runny nose, coughing, chest tightness, wheezing and even breathing difficulties.
Sümptomid
Astmahaigetel on sageli sellised sümptomid nagu vilistav hingamine, õhupuudus, pigistustunne rinnus või köha. Tavaliselt saab neid ise leevendada või ravida astmavastaste-ravimitega.
I Tüüpilised sümptomid
Üldine toime korduvate vilistava hingamise, õhupuuduse, pigistustunde rinnus või köha ja muude sümptomite korral; Tõsised atakid võivad tekkida lühikese hingelduse ja hüpokseemia perioodil.
II Aura sümptomid
Enne rünnakut on sageli etteaimatav sümptom, nagu ninakinnisus, aevastamine ja silmade sügelemine.
Ägeda astmahoo sümptomid
Ma Kerge
Shortness of breath, anxiety, slight increase in breathing rate, and occasional wheezing can be heard when walking or upstairs .
II Mõõdukas
Shortness of breath with moderate activity, often interrupted speech, anxiety from time to time, increased breathing rate, three concave sign (referring to the obvious depression in the suprasternal fossa, supraclavicular fossa, and intercostal space during inhalation), loud, Diffuse wheezing, increased heart rate. Shortness of breath during severe rest, orthopnea, only single-word expressions, often anxiety and irritability, profuse sweating, breathing rate > 30 beats/min, often with three concave signs, hearing loud and diffuse wheezing, increased heart rate Fast and often >120 korda/min.
III Kriitiliselt haige
Patsiendid ei suuda rääkida, neil on unisus või segasus, vilistav hingamine väheneb või puudub ning pulss on aeglane või ebaregulaarne.
Põhiline etioloogia
I Geneetilised tegurid
Astma on polügeense geneetilise tendentsiga ja selle alguses on teatud perekondlik agregatsiooninähtus, st mida tihedam on sugulus, seda suurem on levimus, kuid selle alguse kujuneb sageli mitme geeni ja eksogeensete tegurite koosmõjul.
II Keskkonnategurid
Patogeensed tegurid, nagu siseallergeenid (kodulemmikloomad, prussakad jne), välisallergeenid (õietolm, murupulber jne), tööallergeenid (värv, reaktiivvärvid jne), toit (kala, krevetid, munad, piim, jne), ravimid (aspiriin, antibiootikumid jne) ja muud tegurid stimuleerisid.
III Astma võivad vallandada ka mitte{0}}patogeensed tegurid, nagu õhusaaste, suitsetamine, füüsiline koormus, rasvumine jne.
Ravi
I Acute treatment :
1. Mild acute asthma exacerbations can be treated with inhaled salbutamol or metaxonin aerosols, which usually work within minutes, or with oral beta 2 agonists. Symptoms are only partially improved after inhalation of bronchodilators in acute exacerbations of moderate asthma, so a combination of becloxone propionate or budesonide inhalation is often required. People with moderate asthma exacerbation often have nocturnal asthma attacks and exacerbation of symptoms, and often need to use long-acting sustained-release theophylline and other drugs to effectively prevent nocturnal asthma attacks.
2. Acute severe asthma
At this time, the effects of inhalation of 2 receptor agonists and glucocorticoids is not obvious, and it is often necessary to send to the hospital emergency department.
II Üldravi
Ravi põhjus: näiteks hingamisteede infektsioonid, on vaja antibiootikume. Sümptomaatiline ravi: näiteks vilistav hingamine, on vaja ravida spasmolüüsi ja astmat; Düspnoe korral on vaja hingamisteid takistada, hapnikku või isegi mehaanilist ventilatsiooni ravida.
In addition, in daily life, asthma patients should pay attention to active disease prevention measures, moderate exercise can help reduce airway inflammation, relieve anxiety, improve the quality of life; In the climate change, pay attention to timely keep warm, as far as possible to avoid public places with many people, so as not to cause respiratory infections; Reasonable diet, regular life, maintain a good state of mind, ensure adequate sleep, improve body resistance, enhance airway anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic ability.
It is suggested that every asthma patient should have an oxygen concentrator at home, which can be inhaled at any time when the body feels unwell. Oxygen inhalation has a good effect on asthma, which can improve the oxygen concentration in the alveoli and help relieve asthma. Inhaling oxygen before going to bed can not only help alleviate the disease, but also promote sleep, reduce insomnia, easy to wake up, and then improve one's own resistance.